Introduction Cadmium (Cd) mobility in soil is affected by various factors and its absorption from soil by tobacco is higher than other crops. Application of PHOSPHATE fertilizers in agricultural lands is an essential step to increase the yield of tobacco plants. Since most PHOSPHATE fertilizers contain small amounts of Cd, the uptake of Cd by tobacco plant in its cultivated areas due to the application of TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE fertilizer (TSP) is not unexpected. In many tobacco growing areas, the water or soil used is between low and medium salinity in terms of salinity, which can also influence the solubility of cadmium and, consequently, its uptake by tobacco plant. Cadmium can be absorbed through food, drink and respiration. This metal not only is absorbed by the digestive organs, but also is absorbed by the respiratory organs through airborne particles and cigarette smoke. Tobacco is resistant to high concentrations of Cd in soil and can absorb it from Cd-contaminated soil. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of P fertilizer and salinity on Cd mobility in soil and tobacco plant. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted with the aim of investigating the interaction of three factors of irrigation salinity (0, 20 and 40 mM NaCl), TRIPLE tuper PHOSPHATE fertilizer (TSP) (0 and 1. 5 g kg-1 soil) and soil Cd contamination level (0 and 12 mg kg-1 soil) in a completely randomized design with four replications on shoot Cd concentration, smoke Cd concentration, extraction percentage of DTPA, tobacco ash Cd concentration, Cd mobility factor and Cd fractions in soil. To homogenize the samples, they were thoroughly mixed together and the resulting composite samples were passed through a 2 mm sieve to incubate the samples and then implant. Cadmium contamination levels (0 and 12 mg kg-1) were prepared from Cd(NO3)2. 4H2O source. Prior to planting, the relevant levels of contamination were added by spraying on the entire soil surface and mixed thoroughly. Soil samples were transferred to plastic storage containers and incubated for four months in a controlled greenhouse within a temperature range of 25-30 °, C and 70% water holding capacity of the soil measured by the weighing method. Cultivation was carried out under controlled conditions in a greenhouse environment located in Bardaskan city. Two 60-day-old tobacco seedlings (Nicotiana tabacum L. ) of Cocker 347 cultivar, which were previously seeded in non-contaminated cadmium soil and grown with non-saline water, were transferred to each pot and planted. The cultivar used in this experiment was a greenhouse tobacco cultivar used in the cigarette industry. Immediately after transferring the seedlings to pots, irrigation was performed with saline-free water (distilled water), salinity of 20 or 40 mM NaCl salt for 75 days according to the required treatment. Up to the fourth week, the amount of 400 ml per pot in each irrigation cycle, and after that until the end of the experiment, the amount of 800 ml per pot in each irrigation cycle was applied. Results and Discussion The results showed that Cd mobility factor in Cd-contaminated soil increased on average by 25. 6%, 32. 4% and 36. 2% compared to non-contaminated soil at 0, 20 and 40 mM salinity, respectively. Application of PHOSPHATE fertilizer significantly reduced the mobility factor of cadmium in non-cadmium-contaminated soils. In Cd-contaminated soil, the extraction percentage of DTPA increased 26. 5% and 56. 4% with increasing irrigation salinity levels from 0-20 and 0-40, respectively. In non-Cd contaminated soil, TSP application reduced extraction percentage of DTPA 20. 2%, 28. 4% and 24. 6% in 0, 20 and 40 irrigation salinity levels, respectively in compared to non-TSP application. With increasing the levels of soil Cd contamination, the percentage Cd concentration in oxide fraction of soil decreased and the percentage of Cd concentration in carbonate, organic and residual fractions increased. Application of TSP increased the concentration of residual Cd fraction in the soil. Conclusion With increasing the level of Cd contamination in soil, the percentage of Cd in carbonate and organic fractions increased compared to non-Cd contaminated soil. The results showed that TSP application in Cd contaminated soil in salinitylevels of 0, 20, and 40 mM increased Cd concentration of tobacco ash by 1. 47%, 15. 89% and 29. 80% and increased Cd concentration of tobacco smoke by 23. 20%, 23. 30% and 18%, respectively. Salinity factor and PHOSPHATE fertilizer showed the reverse effect on soluble + exchangeable cadmium and DTPA available Cd in soil, so with increasing salinity, these concentrations increased and with increasing TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE fertilizer decreased.

The high cost of chemical fertilizers used in agriculture and the environmental problems due to their use reveal the need to reappraise conventional plant nutrition practices. Integrated use of biofertilizers combined with synthetic fertilizers is one of the essential sustainable agricultural strategies. To this end, this study was carried out by using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental field of Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch during 2018 cropping season. The first factor was different amounts of TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE fertilizer with three levels (0, 50 and 100 kg. ha-1) and the second factor was phosphorus biofertilizer also with three levels (0, 100 and 200 g. ha-1). Result of analysis of variance revealed that the effect of different levels of biophosphorus fertilizer and TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE on all measured characteristics were significant but the interaction effect of treatments was not significant. Based on the results of this study, the highest seed yield, 1000 seed weight, seed oil percentage, head diameter and number of seed per head and lowest empty seed belonged to the use of 100 kg. ha-1 TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE with 200 g. ha-1 biophosphorus fertilizer. It seems TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE fertilizer to increase the concentration of soil cadmium by 54%, due to its impurities, including heavy elements, but increasing the levels of phosphorus fertilizer in the soil reduces the concentration of cadmium by 45%. According to these results, the application of 100 kg. ha-1 of TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE and 200 g. ha-1 of phosphorus fertilizer per hectare, compared to other treatments, may increase seed yield and absorption of elements of sunflower in this region.

In order to investigate the possibility of replacing TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE fertilizer with biological fertilizers in mung bean cultivation, an experiment was randomized block design with 3 replications, in a split-plot arrangement was conducted in a research field in Malekshahi town, Ilam province, Iran in 2013. Treatments include five levels of TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE fertilizer (P) as the main plot including 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended amount, and biofertilizer (B) as a sub-plot in four levels including: without inoculation (B0), mycorrhiza (B1), PHOSPHATE solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas) (B2) and combination of mycorrhiza and pseudomonas (B3). Results showed that phosphorous fertilizer significantly affected whole studied traits excluding root nodes number. The highest and lowest seed yield was achieved with 75% of TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE fertilizer, 1354.45 kg/ha, which showed a 73% increase compared to the control (no phosphorus fertilizer). Also, results showed that biofertilizer had a significant effect on all studied traits excluding days to reaching so the greatest grain yield obtained in pseudomonas treatment by 1238.82 kg/ha. Overall results showed that biofertilizers from different sources could reduce phosphorous fertilizer requirement and so result in increasing yield

Degradation of agricultural ecosystems and the nutritional elements imbalance in the soil are the most important reasons for decreasing yield of Pistachio in Iran. Therefore, it is needed to research on effectiveness of biological manures on the growth and yield of Pistachio. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE (at the rates of 0, 1 and 2 g kg-1) and Barvar-2 bio-fertilizer (at the rates of 0, and 2. 5 g kg-1) on the growth of pistachio seedling and uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus. The experiment was designed in a factorial form as randomized complete blocks with three replications in Damqan city. The results indicated that Barvar-2 bio-fertilizer application increased significantly (p≤ 0. 01) dry weight(up to 21%), the concentration of nitrogen (up to 93%) and phosphorus (up to 41%) in shoots, seedling height (up to 14%) and root length (up to 9%), in different rates of TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE application. However, seedling height, shoot phosphorus and dry weight decreased significantly in the highest rate of TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE application (2 g kg-1). In addition, the application of both treatments had not significant effect on pH values. It is concluded that severe application of P chemical fertilizers causes a decrease on effectiveness of Barvar-2 bio-fertilizer. Finally, in order to improve the growth of pistachio seedlings, the application of Barvar-2 bio-fertilizer, alone or with very low amount of P chemical fertilizer is recommended.

In order to study the combined and separate effects of phosphorus fertilizer, PHOSPHATE-solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungus on adjusting and reducing the loss of yield resulting from drought stress during the stage of growth of grain corn (SC704) an experiment was performed in Aboureihan Campus of the University of Tehran, Iran, during 2007-2008. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomised completely block design (RCBD) with four replications. Experimental factors were drought stress as the main-plot [irrigation after 50 [without drought stress], 100 and 150 mm evaporation from pan class A, and fertilizer compounds as the sub-plot (100% phosphorus (b5), 50% SUPER PHOSPHATE TRIPLE+mycorrhizal fungus+ PHOSPHATE-solubilizing bacteria (b2), mycorrhizal fungus+ PHOSPHATE-solubilizing bacteria (b1), 50% SUPER PHOSPHATE TRIPLE+ PHOSPHATE-solubilizing bacteria (b3), and 50% SUPER PHOSPHATE TRIPLE+ mycorrhizal fungus (b4)). Drought stress happened after seedling establishment.Result of variance analysis showed that drought stress significantly affected plant height, stem dry weight, stem diameter, ear height, kernel number per row, 300 kernel weight, ear weight, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, kernel depth, cob percentage and total yield traits. Also, there was not significantly difference between fertilizer treatment for number of Leaf per plant, stem diameter and ear height traits. All the assessed traits in b2 inoculated treatment showed of higher values than other treats under water deficit stress condition. Furthermore, the investigated traits of b5 treat under severe water deficit stress were significantly less pronounced than normal irrigation and low stressed conditions. The results showed that all measured traits in seed inoculums with b2 under the low drought stress stood higher than other treats. Using stepwise regression was performed for grain corn in all conditions and in high stress conditions four traits have been extracted, which describe most 90% of yield variations. These results have completely coincidence with simple correlation analysis.

IntroductionThe availability of phosphorus (P) is a limiting factor for the production of crops due to its reactions with soil components. Furthermore, there are concerns about the depletion of non-renewable global rock PHOSPHATE (the main source of P) reserves because of the high demand for P fertilizers. Therefore, it is essential to revisit existing agricultural practices to determine new resource management practices that utilize renewable resources. The application of sewage sludge could be an alternative P source; contrary to inorganic fertilizers, sewage sludge is cheap, contains nutrients, and improves soil quality due to contained organic matter. The total P content of sewage sludge may vary from less than 0.1% to over 14% on a dry solid basis, depending on the nature of the raw sewage being treated and the treatment process under consideration. However, the use of organic P resources can affect the soil chemistry, leading to changes to the P fractions and their quantities. Hence, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of the application of municipal sewage sludge and TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE on the distribution of soil-P fractions under saline and non-saline conditions.Materials and MethodsTo investigate the effect of municipal sewage sludge and TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE on changes in P fractions an incubation experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design with three levels of TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE (0, 75, and 100 Kg ha-1 which were named T0, T1, and T3, respectively), three levels of municipal sewage sludge (0, 0.25 and 0.5% w/w which were named M0, M1 and M3, respectively), two levels of salinity of irrigation water (2 and 12 dS m−1, which were named saline and non-saline, respectively) and three replicates. The total number of samples was 54. The treated soils were incubated for three months and maintained at field capacity by adding the appropriate amount of saline and non-saline waters. P fractionated to KCl-P (soluble and exchangeable P), NaOH-P (Fe- and Al bound P), HCl-P (Ca-bound P), Res-P (residual P), and organic-P by sequential extraction method. Moreover, P percentage recovery for Olsen-P at each treatment was calculated. P concentration in samples was determined by the molybdate method. Data analysis was performed by MSTAT-C software, and the means were compared at α꞊5% by Duncan test. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that although the relative distribution of fractions followed the order of HCl-P < Organic-P < KCl-P < NaOH-P 2M2 were 3.1 and 2.3 times higher than T0M0 in non-saline and saline conditions, respectively. The same result was obtained for NaOH-P. The combined and separate application of municipal sewage sludge diminished the relative distribution of HCl-P compared with TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE and control treatments in both salinities. However, the HCl-P in all treatments was more than 57% of the total P, suggesting that most of the soil P was in the carbonate phase. The treatments did not have a considerable impact on Res-P. The relative distribution of Organic-P increased by increasing levels of salinity and municipal sewage sludge. Therefore, it seems that municipal sewage sludge addition along with fertilizer P can reduce the negative effects of salinity and increase soil P availability compared with alone use of P fertilizer through growing the contents of KCl-P, NaOH-P, and organic-P fractions and, consequently, decreasing P entry into HCl-P fraction. Moreover, the application of municipal sewage sludge plus TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE increased P recovery as Olsen-P compared to a separate application of TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE which confirmed the advantage of the combined use of these sources.ConclusionThe findings of this study indicate that the simultaneous application of municipal sewage sludge and TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE can effectively improve phosphorus (P) availability in saline conditions. This enhancement is attributed to the alteration of the relative distribution of non-stable P fractions, such as KCl-P and NaOH-P, which increase, while stable P fractions like HCl-P decrease. Moreover, the addition of municipal sewage sludge into soils led to a significant increase in organic C as well as the relative distribution of organic-P. Therefore, application of municipal sewage sludge can improve the physico-chemical properties of saline soil along with increase of P availability. Hence, further research on the growth response of halophyte plants as affected by these treatments is recommended.

Background and Purpose: Soil remediation in contaminated soils is an important factor of environmental research. This research evaluated the effect of sepiolite, palygorskite, and TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE (TSP) on decreasing the heavy metals uptake by wheat cultivars inoculated with Piriformospora indica (P. indica). Materials and Methods: Treatments included applying sepiolite, palygorskite (at the rate of 0% and 5% (W/W), and TSP (0% and 0. 5% W/W) in the Pb-and Zn-polluted soil under cultivation of 2 wheat cultivars (Mihan and Pishgam cultivars) that inoculated with P. indica fungus. Plants were harvested after 90 days, and Pb and Zn concentrations in soils and plants were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, the catalase (CAT) enzyme activity was also measured. Results: With applying 5% (W/W) sepiolite and palygorskite, the plant Pb concentration was significantly reduced by 11. 8%, while the plant Zn concentration increased by 13. 9%. Plant Zn and Pb concentrations considerably increased and decreased following plant inoculation. However, plant cultivars showed different results. Our results showed that the Pb and Zn concentrations were lower in Mihan than in the Pishgam wheat cultivar. In addition, increasing soil Pb availability caused a significant increase in CAT enzyme activity. Soil contamination with heavy metals had a negative impact on plant root colonization. Conclusion: The interaction of plant cultivars and P. indica significantly affected plant heavy metal uptake by plants. However, environmental studies have found that applying organic amendments like nan-clays or TSP can reduce the absorption of Pb by plants.

Background and Objectives Chickpea(Cicer arietinum) is one of the most important Pulses in arid and semi arid regions. This plant needs a lot of nutrition such as phosphorous and Zinc elements. Most of the soil of arid and semi arid regions does not have phosphorous and Zinc nutrition sufficiently. These elements are effective for growth and yield of two chickpea cultivars. On the other hand, increasing one of them decreases the other one in plant; therefore, it is necessity to determine the amount of phosphorous and Zinc fertilizers. Materials and Methods The trail was conducted based on factorial split plot in randomization block design with three replications. We considered the two chickpea cultivars(Arman and ILC482) as the main plot and sub plot including phosphorous (P2O5) from SUPER PHOSPHATE TRIPLE source in three levels (P1=32, P2=46 and P3=60 Kg. ha-1 ) and different amounts Zn from Zinc solphate source in three levels (Zn1=0, Zn2=2. 5 and Zn3= 5Kg. ha-1 ) in Borujerd Agriculture research station where there are cold winters and humid summers. This experiment was performed in 2004. Results The result indicated a significant difference between Arman cultivar with seed yield and biological yield 2606 and 4341 Kg. ha-1 respectively and ILC482 cultivar with seed yield and biological yield 1662 and 2779 Kg. ha-1 respectively. Effect of phosphorous fertilizer on seed yield, biological yield, number of seed per pod and number of main branch was significant and the most difference was obtained with 60 Kg. ha-1 P2O5. Effect of Zinc fertilizer on seed yield, biological yield, number of seed per pod, number of pod per plant, and number of main branch was significant and the most was obtained with 5 Kg. ha-1 Zn. The most amount of protein in seed was obtained with 60 Kg. ha-1 P2O5 and 5 Kg. ha-1 Zn (P3Zn3 treatments). There are a negative correlation between amount of phosphorous consumption and Zn concentration in seed and amount of Zn consumption and P concentration in seed. Discussion Phosphorous and Zinc fertilizers are effective in root extention and decrease of pH in arid regions soils respectively. Therefore these fertilizers increase water absorption and nutrition elements including Phosphorous and Zinc in soil. In this experiment, Chickpea have positive response to application of phosphorous and Zinc fertilizers and consumption of these fertilizers, increase quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Chickpea. Therefore using 60 Kg. ha-1 P2O5 and 5 -1 Kg. ha Zn for Chickpea crop in similar regions this in expriment is recommended.

The distribution of phosphorus (P) forms is very important to evaluate the soil P in calcareous soils. Organic fertilizers increase the soil P dynamics by adding organic matter. This experiment was conducted by using 50 mg P kg-1 soil from sheep manure (SM), municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and TRIPLE SUPERPHOSPHATE (TSP) treatments with control (without fertilizer) in a calcareous soil in greenhouse conditions. At the end of the plant's physiological growth, dry weight of shoots, phosphorus concentrations of wheat, organic and inorganic forms of soil P were measured. The results showed that by using of 50 mg P kg-1 soil from SM, the highest P uptake by wheat was obtained from TSP treatment. All organic P forms significantly increased (P<0. 05) in comparison with the control, but Highly Resistant Organic Phosphorus (HROP) showed invers trend. Moderately Resistant Organic Phosphorus (MROP) had the highest of organic P fraction and the Labile Organic Phosphorus (LOP) was the least. The highest fraction of mineral phosphorus was the apatite form. By applying of 50 mg P kg-1 soil from SM and TSP, Ca2P form increased by 4. 2 and 3. 9 times compared to control respectively. The AlP form increased by applying SM. MSWC and TSP treatments at 31. 0, 44. 0 and 46% compared to control, respectively. According to the research data, with the application of 50 mg P kg-1 soil from the source SM, increased organic phosphorus forms and by 50 mg P kg-1 soil from the source TSP, increased phosphorus absorption and its mineral forms in wheat cultivation...

To study the seprate and combined effects of phosphorus fertilizer, PHOSPHATEsolubilizing bacteria and mycorrhizal fungus on reducing drought stress damages of grain corn (SC704) during its vegetative stages under field conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on RCBD with three replications at College of Abouraihan, University of Tehran in 2009. Experimental factors were drought stress as main-plot (irrigation after 50 as control, 100 and 150 mm evaporation from pan class A) and fertilizer plus biofertilizer compounds as sub-plots. Drought stress began after seedling stage. Analysis of variance showed that drought stress significantly affected most of investigated traits such as number of row/ ear, number of kernel/ row, ear weight, 1000kernel weight and grain yield. All the measured traits in compounds PHOSPHATE-solubilizing bacteria, mycorrhiza fungies and TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE treatment were higher than other treatments under water deficit stress conditions.Frthermore, grain yield in TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE treat under severe water deficit stress conditions (1.81 ton/ha) were significantly less than normal irrigation (8.38 ton/ha) and low stress conditions (4.98 ton/ha). According to this experiment, seed inoculation with PHOSPHATE-solubilizing bacteria, mycorrhiza fungies and TRIPLE SUPER PHOSPHATE compounds affected grain yield and harvest index significantly. This experiment showed that PHOSPHATE-solubilizing microorganisms can positively interact in promoting plant growth as well as in P uptake in maize plant, leading to improve plant tolerance under water deficit stress conditions.